COPY PRESSED POWDER : POWDER CAKE – EYE SHADOW – BLUSH ON

various types pressed powder cosmetics

Hi..

This time I’d like to share my experience in copy pressed powder product such as powder cake, pressed-powder fondation, eye-shadow, blush-on, etc. It’s not too difficult as long as we know the basic of making pressed powder product. Because they share the same basic, so once we succed to make a good compac powder, we can develope the formula to pressed powder fondation, eye shadows or blush on.

Frankly, I was more confusing to the terms pressed powder and powder fondation than the proccess of making them. So, this is what I found to describe the difference between them :

- Pressed powder refers to powder for oil-control and it’s also used for setting makeup. It has little pigmentation (usually translucent, but some have a little pigmentation to blend better with skin color) and are sort of the ‘cake’ version of loose powder (which is also used to control shine and to set makeup). So it is basically an alternative to blotting sheets and also a more travel-friendly form of loose powder (if loose powder spills it would cause a huge mess).

- Powder foundation meanwhile refers to base makeup. This means it has more pigmentation and it’s for evening out skintone. They may look similar to pressed powders sometimes but you can tell it’s a foundation because of the higher pigmentation. There are several types of powder foundation like 2 way cake, mineral foundation etc. (not to confuse you but it is also ok to use powder foundation to set makeup but it’s not used for shine-control).

- When we apply powder foundation, you’re going to see a difference to your skintone – maybe less redness or minor blemishes get covered up. With pressed powder it sinks into your skin and gives a shine-free look without altering your skin blemishes too much.

- Cake foundation has heavier coverage than pressed powder. Usually pressed powder has the weakest coverage compare to cream, cake, and liquid foundation. You can use pressed powder to seal in your foundation (The cake fondation will feel more wet if we touch the product due the the more binders used in it).

- The powder foundation is the one we should use under concealer. Never use pressed powder under concealer… the concealer will show up! Pressed powder is used over liquid foundation and concealer to ‘set it’. If you need to use concealer I seriously think you should use a liquid foundation first, even the powder one may look obvious, then if you need a light covering of pressed powder.

- Do take note that for touching ups, it’s NOT advisable to use a 2 way cake to touch up as mentioned earlier it contains BOTH foundation and powder, so if u use it for touching up, it will make your make up cakey or too thick. It’s still advisable to use a pressed powder for touching up when outside.

1. Anatomy of Pressed Powder

Pressed powder products are another simple product to formulate. These powder systems are based on :

- Talc (or mica or sericite if a talc-free formula is desired).

The main ingredients usually talc or mica, depending on how the product is to be positioned. The talc should be small particle size, smooth and pressable. The talc can either be opaque or transparent depending on the qualities desired in the powder.

- Fillers.

Fillers have special functionality to enhance the properties of cosmetic formulations. They improve skin feel and use and wear characteristics while some fillers even perfect the appearance of skin. All functional fillers will make your formula feel more luxurious through improved formula texture.

For skin adhesion are metallic soaps such as zinc stearate, magnesium stearate or aluminium stearate. They are usually added at 5-6%.

For the essential slip, adhesion, color laydown and anti greasing properties of the powder we can use polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate or lauryl lysine.

For enhance the feel and application are nylon 12, non-crystalline silica, kaolin, alumina or micronized polyethylene. These ingredients regulate the oil absorbency on the skin for people with very oily skin. They will keep the product in place and provide for longer wear.

- Binder for pressing.

After the base formula (talc/mica/sericite) and fillers have been established, a suitable binder system must be selected in order to be able to press the powder into metal pans. The binder system can consist of one or more oils or a combination of oils and waxy materials. These ingredients must be able to completely wet all the powder particles evenly and create a free flowing homogeneous product.

The liquid portion of the binder can be an ester or oil such as mineral oil or other vegetable oil. Examples of esters are isopropyl palmitate and caprylic/capric triglyceride.

The waxy material can be lanolin derivatives such as isopropyl lanolate or lanolin alcohol, fatty alcohol such as cetyl or stearyl alcohol or fatty acid such as stearic acid.

These materials also aid in the product’s adhesion to the skin. The total binder can be as high as 6% or more in the finished product depending on the types of binder ingredients chosen.

NB: It is crucial when using vegetable oil/natural oil as binder to add anti oxidant agent such as BHT (butylhydroxylated toluene) to avoid the oil odor which will ruin the product’s fragrance.

- Colors and pearls.

This is one of the most important component of pressed powder formulation. The colorants used are of the inorganic variety such as ultramarines, oxides of iron, chromium , titanium, zinc and tin, and organic colorants.

The color and pearl levels can vary depending on the current fashion trends that exist during the year. For eyeshadow the dry color level can be as high as 20-30% or more plus the pearl.

- Preservatives.

Some preservatives must be added to the formula to protect the product once it is in the hands of customer. These preservatives are usually the oil dispersible types such as propyl paraben or phenoxyethanol as there is usually no water present in the product. They can be added to the binder or ground with the other dry ingredients. The product should never be over preserved. Over preservation may cause skin irritation.

2. Manufacturing procedure for pressed powder

- Mixing

The powders must be blended sufficiently using mixer that tumbles and blends the powders without breaking or sintering the particles.

mixer ‘ribbon-type’

homogenous mixture

- Milling the dry mixture

The dry mixture should be grinding using micropulverizer, hammer mill, disc mill or P-K Blender so that the particle size is uniform and small enough for proper product delivery and wetting. The colors in the mixture must be grounded to their primary particle size for optimum color development. Homogenity test should be conduct : making a paper press of the powder and seeing if there are any pigment specks and color streaking to see if the pigments are ground properly.

Very fine screens should be used in the grinding process, usually with holes or openings at 0.1-0.2 inches. ( The pearls should never be ground through a fine screen. This would destroy the pearl particles and will lose the effect of the material ). Pearls should only be ground as a very last step through a large screen opening just to fluff up and make the product uniform and prepare it for pressing.

disc mill

grinding the mixture

- Adding the Binders and Perfume Oil

In all cases the binders must completely coat all the powder particles as this will aid in the proper pressing of the product. When we add the oil by pouring, we  should pour it little by little ( need some patience here ).

After all the binder have been poured into the mixture, it is now time for the perfume oil. There are many ways to achieve uniform distribution of the fragrance in the powder. One of them is  we could make a fragrance/absorbent powder pre-mix in a waring blender, and then add that (hopefully free-flowing) pre-blend to your other ingredients in a gentler/less energetic mixer.

binders+perfume+blender

- Pressing the powder

A suitable pan must be selected made of the correct metal. Tin plating sometimes interferes with the powder pressing characteristics. The type of press and pressure is also important as well as the diameter and depth of the pan for a particular type of powder.

A drop test will be an adequate test of a powder’s compression properties. It is also important for a powder not to pimple or dust and not pressed so hard as to make the product glaze in the pan. The proper binder will help eliminate any negative attributes.

the same amount of powder to be placed in each pan

the same amount of powder to be placed in each pan(2)

the same pressure applied to each pan

a suitable product : eyeshadow

Silk ribbon is used to give the pressed powder surface a nice visual effect and sometimes a company’s logo can be embossed into the surface of the powder.

- andriantoangkadirjo85 bottom line

1. Yes, pressed powder is another simple product to formulate. Once you have able to create a good formulation you can make either one of this product : compac-eyeshadow-blush on-2way cake.

2. Once we understand the process of making compac, there is no problem whether making a small batch scale with lab. device or industrial scale.

3. The pressure to correctly press a powder is different from formula to formula, and sometimes from batch to batch, and also depends on the size/shape of the container you are pressing into, and the machine you’re pressing with, and the length of time (dwell) that you press the powder for – among other things. You can only determine the correct settings by trial and error (If it was easy to figure this stuff out, they wouldn’t need a cosmetic chemist to do it).

COPY INNOVATIVE EXFOLIATOR/PEELING GEL..

Hi..,

How are you guys? How’s your life going on? Hope it’s all fine. In this tough time, only the beware guys will survive. I’m really sorry not posting lately since the past six months. But today, I’m back! Thanks also for all the comments saying that you found something from this blog. I’m really grateful guys..

This time I’d like to post something about exfoliator/peeling gel. This one draws my attention.. unlike chemical peels which use strong acid, this peeling is very gentle on the skin and only removes the unwanted dead skin and it does not dry or thin the skin and cause it to be vulnerable to sunlight.

This is the product :

the innovative exfoliator/peeling gel

the clear gel

white beads form to remove dead skin cells

1. Creating innovative cosmetic products

To create innovative cosmetic products, we need to know about and find niche markets. A cosmetic niche market is no different than a niche market in some other field. Essentially, a niche market is a sub set of a larger market. In practical terms, it is a smaller group of people with some specific characteristic that sets them apart.

Now that we know niche markets are smaller segments of consumer groups, this is important.  Ex.  Creating innovative new products will have to make products different and specific like solve wrinkles, acne, hair loss, hair growth, etc. Like the above product, it is sort of exfoliator, but include no conventional scrubs, micro-dermabrasions, AHA, peel, etc. The formulation is just perfect – it is non-abrasive, doesn’t tingle skin like glycolic acid does, effective but gentle, and it provides a sense of achievement when we can feel the dead skin coming off. The skin appears much more clear, translucent, smooth and soft without stripping its natural oil after each application…. some say 1 bottle is sold every 20 seconds, awesome right?

2. List of Ingredients

So, after browsing/searching a while, I came across this formula..

R/                                                  %

Carbomer…………………………2.1

Water ……………………….. ad 100

Cetrimonium Chloride ………10.5

Propyl Glycol ……………………7

Alcohol …………………………… 1

Perfume ………………………….. qs

PEG40 HCO ……………………… 0.2

Preservative …………………….. qs

At first, I still don’t get it and wonder :

- where’s the scrub?

- what the centrimonium do in this formula? since we know this is conditioning agent for hair.

I have to make these clear first, before I step forward. Actually, after rubbing the gel on the skin there will be chemical reaction between cetrimonium chloride and carbomer, thickener, which will form white beads/residues ( If you reduce one of the ingredients, you will find out the residues will lesser or if you change the thickener, using cellulose group, there won’t be any white beads formed ). This reaction occurs instanly and the white beads/residues will act as peeling agent which remove the upper dead skin layers ( the claim said that 0.01 mm of old skin can be removed ). The removal process is very soft, gentle and provides a sense of achievement when we can feel the dead skin coming off. After washing, the skin feel moist, soften, translucent and bright.

This is really great innovation product. No wonder this product is very success in the market place.

3. Gathering raw materials

a. Carbomer

Yes, carbomer is one of the most revolutionary raw material. It is a swellable polymer that can create clear gels and elegant skin care products with a light feeling and good application properties. That made it easier to formulate stable skin care creams. It is difficult to create clear gels with good aesthetics without these polymers. That’s why carbomers also called as ‘formulator’s best friend’.

Carbomer is typically reserved to describe high molecular weight polymers of acrylic acid that are lightlyl cross-linked with allyl ethers of  polyalcohols eg. tetraallyl pentaerythritol (TAPE) and hexaallyl sucrose.

polyacrylic acid (PAA)

general structure of carbomer

The National Formulary (NF) lists traditional carbomers individually according to their specific chemistry and properties, eg. solution viscosity, using numbers associated with the trade names, eg. Carbomer 934 ( 30,500- 39,400 cP ), Carbomer 940 ( 40,000-60,000 cP ) etc. For modern carbomers synthetized using benzene-free processes, the NF has adopted the terms carbomer homopolymer ( polymer of acrylic acid cross-linked with allyl ethers of polyalcohols), carbomer copolymer ( copolymer of acrylic acid and a long chain alkyl methacrylate cross-linked with allyl ethers of polyalcohols ) and carbomer interpolymer ( carbomer homopolymer or carbomer copolymer that contains a block copolymer of polyethylene glycol and a long chain alkyl acid esters ) to describe the various species of carbomers.

In contrast, the INCI Dictionary reserves the term carbomer for crosslinked copolymers of acrylic acid and it names crosslinked copolymer of acrylic acid with other comonomers as acrylate crosspolymers, eg. acrylates/C10-C30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer. Well, I hope we’re not confused..it’s all just terminology.

Now, we’ll talk about properties of carbomers :

1. Appearance : fluffy, white, hygroscopic powders with a slight acetic acid odor.

2. Variety differing principally by : the type of process solvent used (ie. benzene vs non benzene), the type and level of crosslinker employed and the addition of optional additives to improve wetting and dispersibility.

3. Nontoxic and exhibit little or no irritation potential to skin and eyes at concentrations employed in cosmetics and personal care products.

4. Impurities : residual polymerization solvents, unreacted monomers (eg. acrylic acid), acetic acid, proprionic acid, trace heavy metals, etc.

5. Dispersibility : readily dispersible in water and in mixture of  polar organic solvents with water such as 70% w/w ethanol-water solution.

6. pH : 2,5-3,5. ( Prior neutralization with a basic pH adjuster, eg. NaOH, TEA, these dispersions DO NOT possess significant viscosity and can be hazy. Upon neutralization of the carboxylic acid groups, the carbomer becomes ionized and swells to several hundred times its original volume due to electrostatic repulsions between the negatively charged carboxylate groups and osmotic swelling due to the captive counterions. The resulting microgel dispersions, sometimes referred to as mucilages, are clear fluids that display high viscosities and also exhibit high yield value.. the resistance of a fluid to initial flow when a stress is applied. ).

b. Centrimonium chloride

This ingredient belong to surfactant group. I’ve post about surfactant. If you like to read about it, click here.

4. Creating and revising prototype

After having complete understanding, I tried to make small scale in the frugal laboratory using simple tools like mortar/stamper, electric heater, glassware, etc. This just the steps :

1. Weighing the ingredients.

weighing..

2. Mixing the water and humectant.

mixing water+humectant

3. Dispersing the carbomer until clear gel is formed.

dispersing carbomer..

4. Pouring the centrimonium chloride into the clear gel.

adding centrimonium chloride..

5. Adding emollient.

checking the gel..

5. Testing the prototypes

The first type of testing I want to do is to use the product on myself. Since I have experience with the target product I will know how close I am to matching it. No test will be more revealing as to whether I’ve copied the product than when I test in on myself. And then I’ll make note of any differences I experience.

the prototype..

apply the gel to my skin..

white beads produced after rubbing..

- andriantoangkadirjo85 bottom line

1. This product came from Japan and Japanese women are famous for their love of cosmetics.  So whenever a beauty product has been voted number 1 in Japan, it is the best selling pitch for others too.

2. To create innovative cosmetic products, we  need to know about and find niche markets.

So that’s all, if you find something please leave your comments below.

The worst financial decision I ever made..(5)

Huguette Clark, in 1930               (1906-2011)

Hi guys,

I kept posting articles about how people spend their money like drunken sailor as they turned millions into zero..In one of my postings, click here, it took only 20 years to spend 1 billion dollars before filling for bankruptcy. Very ridiculous right ? Here’s just another story about Huguette Clark, a copper tycoon’s daughter with a taste for exquisite French dolls, baronial homes and solitude, spend $170 million since 1996–or $1 million a month–until her death at 104 years old in 2011. Check it out..

- Huguette Marcelle Clark

The youngest of seven children, Huguette Marcelle Clark was a daughter of a scoundrel. Her father, William Andrews Clark, was born in 1839 to a threadbare Pennsylvania family. Footloose and ambitious, he made his way to the MontanaTerritory, where, in the early 1870s, he struck copper, and with it his fortune.

William Andrews Clark           (1839-1925)

In the late 1890s, desiring a Senate seat, Mr. Clark went out and bought one, at least temporarily. By this time Montana was a state; under the United States Constitution, senators of the period were elected by their state legislatures. Mr. Clark, a Democrat, was reported to have loosed a cataract of thousand-dollar bills on theMontana statehouse, to no small effect. He took up his Senate seat in December 1899.

He vacated the seat in May 1900 as the Senate weighed a resolution to void his election. Later returned to office by the legislature, he served one term, from 1901 to 1907.

By this time, Senator Clark was one of the richest men inAmerica. In 1907, The New York Times estimated his fortune at $150 million — roughly $3 billion today. Besides copper, his interests included railroads, real estate, lumber, banking, cattle, sugar beets and gold.

His first wife bore five children, four of whom lived to adulthood. After her death in 1893, he took up with his teenage ward, Anna La Chapelle. They apparently married in 1901 and had two daughters, Andrée, born in 1902, and Huguette, born inParison June 9, 1906. At Huguette’s birth, her mother was 28, her father 67.

Huguette Clark, right, with her father, William Andrews Clark, and older sister, Andrée, circa 1915, when Huguette was about 9.

William Clark (middle) and daughter Huguette (right)

After leaving the Senate, Mr. Clark settled his family inNew York, erecting a mansion at962 Fifth Avenue, at77th Street, that was considered improvident even in an excessive age. Its 121 rooms included 31 bathrooms, 4 art galleries and a theater; there was also a swimming pool and a thundering pipe organ. It was there, interspersed with stays inCaliforniaandFrance, that Huguette grew up.

The 121-room mansion her father built on Fifth Avenue.

In 1919, Andrée Clark, Huguette’s sister, died of meningitis at 16; by all accounts her death shook Huguette deeply. Senator Clark died in 1925; many of the masterworks he owned now make up the William A. Clark Collection at the Corcoran Gallery of Art inWashington.

Huguette graduated from Miss Spence’s School (now the Spence School) in Manhattan and was introduced to society in 1926. Not long after her father’s death, she and her mother moved to an elegant apartment building at907 Fifth Avenue, at72nd Street.

Engagement announcement for Huguette Clark and William Gower in New York

In 1928, at 22, she married William MacDonald Gower, the son of a business associate of her father’s. The union lasted nine months: she charged desertion; he maintained the marriage was unconsummated, according to a 1941 biography of the family, “The Clarks, an American Phenomenon,” by William D. Mangam. The couple were formally divorced in 1930; she chose to be known afterward as Mrs. Huguette Clark.

By the late 1930s, Mrs. Clark had disappeared from the society pages. Most if not all of her siblings had died; she lived with her mother at907 Fifth Avenue, painting and playing the harp. Her mother died there in 1963.

Huguette spent most of her life in this fantastic apartment building adjacent to Central Park

For the quarter-century that followed, Mrs. Clark lived in the apartment in near solitude, amid a profusion of dollhouses and their occupants. She ate austere lunches of crackers and sardines and watched television, most avidly “The Flintstones.” A housekeeper kept the dolls’ dresses impeccably ironed.

Over the years she developed a distrust of outsiders, including her family, because she thought they were after her money. She preferred to conduct all of her conversations in French so that others were unlikely to understand the discussion. And so ran the rhythm of Mrs. Clark’s life until the day she left for the hospital and checked herself in.

In February 2010, Clark became the subject of a series of reports on msnbc.com, which said caretakers at her three residences had not seen her in decades, and that her palatial estates in Santa Barbara, California, and New Canaan, Connecticut, had lain empty throughout that time, although the houses and their extensive grounds were meticulously maintained by their staff. Msnbc.com investigative reporter Bill Dedman later determined that she was in the care of a New York City hospital, and that some of her personal possessions had been quietly sold. Possessions sold included a rare 1709 violin called La Pucelle (or The Virgin) made by Antonio Stradivari and an 1882 Pierre-Auguste Renoir painting entitled In the Roses. Building staff reported that she was frail but not ill when Clark left her Fifth Avenue co-op in an ambulance in 1988. Initially she took up residence at Mount Sinai Medical Center to be more comfortable but was later transferred to another hospital in Manhattan.

Clark died at Beth Israel Medical Center on the morning of May 24, 2011, two weeks short of her 105th birthday. She had resided at the hospital for more than 20 years, leaving vacant but meticulously tended her grand homes inSanta Barbara,New Canaan,Conn., andNew York City.

So, how Huguette Clark spent her fortune  all without leaving hospital room ?

Court documents filed in a legal battle over the $400 million estate of Huguette Clark shed light on how the reclusive and eccentric mining heiress spent her fortune. Clark’s relatives–the descendants of her father, William Clark, a copper and banking tycoon andU.S. senator who was born before the Mexican War of 1840–are expected soon to challenge her will, which cut out her family entirely.

Among the revelations in the court documents, MSNBC reports:

• Since 1996, $170 million–or $1 million a month–was spent fromClark’s personal account or from an account controlled by her lawyer and accountant, who held legal power of attorney during that period. Both the attorney, Wallace Bock, and the accountant, Irving Kamsler, are reportedly being investigated by law enforcement for their handling of the fortune.

• Au Nain Bleu, a doll and toy shop inParis, was paid $2.5 million between 1997 and 2006. A friend of Clark’s said her dolls were “her closest companions.”

• Theriault’s, an auctioneer of dolls, received $729,000 between 1997 and 2009.

• Clark paid a combined $60 million to the IRS and in New Yorkstate income taxes, since 1996.

• A charity that built a controversial security system for Jewish settlers in theWest Bankreceived $1.85 million in donations. Bock’s daughter lives in the settlement protected by the system.

• Bock’s law firm received around $250,000 a year, and Kamsler around $90,000. If Clark’s will is allowed to stand, both men would receive much more–more than $8 million–as beneficiaries and as executors of the estate.

• Clark’s private nurse, Hadasah Peri, received a $5 million lump-sum payment, and around $131,000 a year.

• Beth Israel Medical Center inNew York, where Clarklived even though for most of that time she wasn’t sick, received about $4.9 million since 1997, or around $1,000 a day.

• Clark’s closest friend, Suzanne Pierre, who served as her social secretary, received almost $12 million.

• Clarkspent $3.75 million on taxes and co-op fees to maintain her unoccupied 15,000-square-footFifth Avenueapartment. She also paid more than $100,000 a year on property taxes for her New Canaan,Conn.country home.

Both Bock and Kamsler have declined to comment on their management of their accounts, but their representatives have said the men acted honorably in complying with Clark’s wishes.

In the end, perhaps Mrs. Clark’s fondest wish — simply to vanish — has been realized, at least to an extent. Some of the most conspicuous artifacts of her former life are gone, chief among them the family’s Fifth Avenue mansion, which was razed after her father’s death.

Her Connecticut estate is on the market for $24 million. On the Web site advertising it for sale, photographs show its vast gracious rooms hauntingly empty.

Huguette has never spent a single night in the 12,766 square foot property

The home has been on the market since 2005, now with an asking price of $24 million

Huguette bought the home in 1952

And it has been empty for 57 years

andriantoangkadirjo85 bottom line 

- It’s amazing how fast people can run through $ million these days..

- Never ever thought having millions dollar bucks will surely make you and fam live happily ..

- Be thankful, whatever you & your fam’s condition right now,  surely the key to live happily in this world..

GOLD SCAMMER..PONZI SCHEME ..(2)

Hi,

In my previous post, click here, I wrote that anyone can be taken by this Ponzi Scheme..no exception. Each scheme seems to have their own target, ‘passion group’, as they called it. The people who say they would never get victimized are also in ‘passion group’, ’cause they will use your confidence against you and you would fall for it. Man more so than women. Women are actually harder to victimized because their ego and self-confidence aren’t as likely to get the best of them. And woman like to ask questions and talk about things . Ponzi Schemers hate this. Men assume they know everything. It is so easy to take a man.. THIS IS ABSOLUTELY TRUE.. You can continue reading and note how’s the telemarketers of this scammers company worked their victims.

This time, I post about PONZI SCHEME case in the form of GOLD SCAMMER.. Here’s the story :

Owner of Three Precious Metals Firms Jamie Campany, Charged in $25 Million Precious Metals Investment Scheme

jamie_campany

Jamie Campany, 47, of Palm Beach County, has been charged in a Criminal Information with multiple counts of mail and wire fraud. The Information charges Campany with five counts of mail fraud and four counts of wire fraud, in violation of Title 18, United States Code, Sections 1341 and 1343, respectively.

Campany was the owner of three investment firms specializing in purported gold, silver, platinum, and palladium bullion purchases on behalf of individual clients. Among his companies were Global Bullion Exchange, LLC (“Global”), in Lake Worth, Florida, and various affiliated licensee businesses throughout Palm Beach, Broward and Miami-Dade counties and other locations outside of Florida. In addition to Global, Campany owned and operated two predecessor firms, Barclay Trading Group, Inc. (“Barclay”) and The Bullion Group, Inc., both with offices in West Palm Beach.

Campany’s three businesses conducted a sophisticated telemarketing operation to solicit investors to purchase precious metal bullion using purported “leverage” financing. These same investors were led to believe that they would need only to provide a fraction of the total cost of the purchased metals, with the remainder of the purchase price to be covered by margin-type financing, which would purportedly be extended to the investor by a purported “clearing firm.” Many of the firms offer clients a chance to buy precious metals and have them delivered to their homes or stored in a secured location. Most choose storage. Customers are told they can buy “on leverage” — meaning they can obtain financing so they can purchase more metals. For example, a customer could put down $1,000 to buy $5,000 worth of gold.

From about September 2006 to April 2007 when Barclay was succeeded by Global, the purported “clearing firm” with which Barclay had initially associated began delaying and ultimately ignoring requests by Barclay’s customers to sell their precious metals investments. As a result, the unsatisfied clients began to complain and threatened Barclay with litigation. In addition, the clearing firm’s failure to sell the clients’ holdings left Barclay insolvent. In an attempt to prevent further complaints, litigation, and possible governmental enforcement action, Barclay began to satisfy its clients’ requests for liquidation of their investments by making payments to these clients using funds it had received from newer investors.

After Global succeeded Barclay, Global continued this same Ponzi strategy. Global thereafter used Diversified Investment Group, Inc. (“Diversified”), a shell company controlled by defendant Campany, as its purported “clearing firm.”   In fact, no bullion was purchased, even though clients paid substantial commissions and fees totaling approximately 18% of the total purported value of the metal allegedly purchased.

Campany also misrepresented to the investors that their holdings had been financed through so-called “margin” credit. Thus, the investors were charged substantial interest on these non-existent “loans” and were subjected to periodic false “margin calls” during market declines. A margin call required investors to supply additional funds upon demand to increase their account equity levels. Moreover, investors who could not comply with such “margin calls” were informed that their investment positions had been forcibly liquidated and taken by Diversified as a secured creditor.

In a recent litigation filed in Miami-Dade Circuit Court by a court-appointed assignee, it is estimated that more than 1,400 investors were defrauded by Campany’s scheme out of more than $25 million. Campany faces a maximum sentence of twenty years’ imprisonment and a maximum $250,000.00 fine for each of the Information’s nine counts. A federal judge next month will sentence the man who authorities say took advantage of the boominggold market, by scamming more than 1,400 people out of tens of millions of dollars.

But before he goes to prison, the mastermind of the scheme, Jamie Campany, sat down with ABC News’ Chief Investigative Correspondent Brian Ross to reveal how he tricked his hundreds of victims out of nearly $30 million.

The most promising victims of the gold scam, Campany said, were spotted through Google earthsatellite images. Campany and his team matched phone leads to addresses to find victims with the biggest homes, and therefore the most money to invest in gold and silver. But in reality, there was no gold despite the legitimate-looking transaction papers from the Global Bullion Exchange – a company that Campany said was “completely bogus.”

The Global Bullion Exchange was an invention of Campany’s, who took ABC News back to the now-empty telephone boiler room inFlorida where his telemarketers worked their victims, mostly upper middle class business people who Campany said let their egos get the best of them. 

“Quite frankly, little old ladies are a lot more astute and a lot more skeptical about making investments with people they don’t know,” he said.

The pitch worked off the falling stock market and the rising price of gold as Campany recalled his lines for ABC News.

“Come on. Everybody knows what’s going on in the markets today. Are you living in a cave?” he would say.

There was an answer for everything — even if victim’s protested by saying they didn’t have any money.

“Sure you do,” Campany or one of his telemarketers would say. “You’ve got a 401k, you have a stock portfolio… You have dead dogs that are not performing.”

Dave Blomberg ofHialeah,Fla., said he was caught up in the scam after he received those calls.

“I did end up giving them a considerable amount of money, cause I thought if I invested more, I would get the money back,” Blomberg said.

He never will, losing $75,000, and nor will the other investors. By the time the scheme collapsed and this place was shut down, all the money was long gone.

When the investment scheme collapsed in December 2009, more than 1,400 investors were out at least $29.5 million, according to court records. Most of that money had been raised by Lake-Worth based Global Bullion Exchange, which was formed by Campany in 2007. A Sun-Sentinel investigation documented that the majority of the firm’s 20 largest clients were senior citizens, and most of the money raised by the business in 2007 and 2008 went to brokers’ commissions.

As part of his plea agreement, Campany acknowledged that he took Global Bullion Exchange customers’ money with no intent to ever buy the promised precious metals.

“I think about it every day. These people have to live with the pain that I caused them,” Campany said. “It’s going to hurt them for the rest of their lives. Hopefully this is one way I can stop it from happening to anybody else.”

andriantoangkadirjo85 bottom line

- Global Bullion Exchange was one of a wave of more than 45 precious metals firms that set up shop in Broward andPalm Beachcounties within the last four years, offering gold, silver and palladium via heavily financed transactions. In an environment devoid of federal licensing or reporting requirements, convicted felons and people with checkered regulatory pasts were able to open businesses with little — if any — scrutiny, a March investigation by the Sun-Sentinel found.

- A new law took effect in July that gives the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission oversight of precious metals transactions when the metals aren’t physically delivered to the customer or a third-party location within 28 days.

EQUIPMENTS USED IN COSMETICS PRODUCTION..

- What do people use for making up small test batches of cosmetics (liquid, emulsions, etc.)?

- Is there an alternative to the kitchen blender?

- In formulation development, would it be better to have a homogenizer or a mixer (or both)?

- My company just willing to order mixer for making perfume (liquid). Now, I”m just wonder several things : What is the rpm of the mixer? also about the type of blade, what is the best type to get homogenous liquid ? And what else to watch?

- I’m just wondering what’s the most efficient type machine used for loose powder/compact.  Is it a combined homogenizer and mixer?

- I’d like to know if we can manufacture stable emulsions on an industrial scale without using a homogenizer of rotor / stator type. In this case what type of mixing device must be chosen  (shape, speed, diameter..ect)?

- Would like to get a decent filler and some type of homogenizer or mixer for lotions that I don’t have to stand there and hold the whole time.

- I have to get some kind of mixer but not “lab” sized and not huge manufacturing size. Stinks to be stuck in the middle but that’s the reality of it. I would like to get something I can stick in the kettle with the emulsion and let it stir constantly to help cool and homogenize the mixture. I would like to do at least 5 gallons at a time (which is about all I can lift to put in the filler hopper). Please someone give me some advice on this. I have a very limited budget right now and I want to get something that will help make my life easier and my products faster ASAP!

- What would the correct type mixer / emulsifier be combined with a filler? I’m just not completely sure what I need but I am under the impression that a larger stick blender is not the correct type of mixer for making lotions and creams.

- I have a manual filler that works for now, but I have to make larger batches faster so I can be more efficient with my time. Any brands you recommend?

- We’re looking for something to either put on a stand or clamp onto the mixing vessel. I just want to make sure these are not “too” powerful or have the wrong blades for emulsifying and continuous mixing.

- If anyone knows of a link to videos showing how larger manufacturers fill paste-like granular products into jars I would love to see it

- Is the agitator a must in lotion making ?

Here’s just some example questions I collect to show how important these equipments in cosmetic production.

I have my own experience. Trying to copy nail polish product, I start creating  a formula, gathering raw material and creating prototype . At last I realized that it’s impossible for me to make nail polish product since I don’t have high-shear disperser nor miller/homogeniser.

high-shear disperser is needed to form gel of suspending agent not ‘hand blender’

colloid mill is needed to process this pigment not just ‘mortir’

According to their functions, we can divide these equipments into several categories, namely :

1. Equipment to process color cosmetics.

This equipment in the grinding process used to reduce colors, pigments and other color additives ( except pearlescent effect pigments ) down to their primary particle size of 3-5 microns.  You don’t want to grind pearls because a reduction in their particle size reduces or eliminates their visual effect. Grinding pigments is the most important part of producing color and decorative cosmetics.

The equipment available to perform this grinding process varies greatly in both function and cost. They are dependant on the particular type of product or its application. Different equipment is needed if you have a dry powder, a free-flowing liquid, or a viscous paste. These physical forms are all very similar as they are all dispersions of insoluble pigments in a suitable solvent vehicle. This dispersion, once it is ground, is then combined with the proper internal or external phase in the case of emulsions, or blended with other components - mica and other fillers for powder-based products, or waxes and oils in anhydrous lip products and other lipophilic one-phase systems. Even though a lipstick is a hard solid at room temperature, color is added as a dispersion usually in castor oil.

Let’s start with the easiest – lipsticks and lip glosses. These are usually one phase anhydrous hot pour systems with one major ingredient that is usually the main solvent in the system. It is this ingredient, usually castor oil or lanolin oil, which we use to grind the pigments. For this grinding process we can use a 3-roll mill or a ball mill/bead mill. They each have a totally different operating method but the end result is still the same – a nice smooth paste free from particulates, specks or color streaks. To achieve this, sufficient oil is used to completely wet out the pigments and the dispersion is usually passed through the mill a minimum of 2 times to sufficiently grind the pigments. This dispersion is then added to the remaining ingredients in the formula, and heated to a suitable temperature to allow for uniform mixing and homogeneity.

milling color – 3 rollmill

3-roll-mill in process

threerollmill theory

horizontal-bead-mill

sm_KD-ceramic_opened-beadmill

bead-mill theory

For powders, which are dry particulate systems, a different type of grinding and dispersing method is required. Here the pigments are blended with either talc or a mica or sericite and then ground with hammer mill or a canister type vessel with an internal high speed intensifier bar. This also requires 2 passes to break down the pigments to their proper particle size. In the hammer mill, the force of the hammers moving in a circular motion grinds the pigments and forced the dispersion through a screen with small hole usually 0.100 inches. This screen usually has circular holes to allow the powder to pass or openings with a herringbone pattern.

hammer mill

hammer-mill

Micropulverizer-Screens

hammer_mill theory

big-Jet-Miller

The next, and probably the most critical process, is that of grinding pigments for emulsion-type products. Here the liquid vehicle is critical in determining which phase the pigments are to be dispersed. Here, no matter what the liquid vehicle, colloid mills and even ball mills can be used to grind the pigments. After the grinding process is complete and the dispersion is free of any unground pigments, this dispersion is added to the proper phase and the batch process is continued to completion.

sesame-colloid-mill

A colloid mill’s grinding mechanism involves a rotor and a stator. As the names imply, the rotor rotates at a high speed and the stator is a stationary piece. The gap between the rotor and stator can be closed to within thousandths of an inch so that the grinding process can take place. In a ball mill, dispersions pass through a canister of tiny balls. The material that the balls are made of can differ depending on hardness desired and what materials you are grinding. They can be made of metallic or ceramic material. The friction of the dispersion passing between all the tiny balls creates the grinding mechanism. This type of milling as compared to a 3-roll mill is more effective in color development depending on the types of colorants being ground. Organic pigments usually develop better in a ball mill. Ball mills can also generate some heat in the grinding process so precautions should be taken in order to prevent solvent loss when working with volatile materials.

In my own experience when dealing with the nail polish, the milling of the pigment should use this kind of machine so the particle size is around 5 microns and they will easily kept dispersed in the product ( increase the stability ).

2. Equipment to mix, dissolve or disperse

They just used for mixing liquid, dissolve solid material or dispersing solid phase in liquid phase. In dispersing, the particle size down to 30 microns.

propeller_mixer for mixing liquids

paddle-mixer

hockmeyer mixer-disperser

disperser blade

cowles dissolver

ystral-x40-32-ultra-turrax-2-2976.jpg

ultra-turrax.head

dispax reactor

dispax reactor diagram

The DISPAX REACTOR is a high shear, three stage dispersing machine for the production of micro-emulsions and very fine suspensions. Three rotor-stator combinations (generators) in a series produce a small droplet or particle size, with a very narrow distribution. The generators can be easily interchanged, offering the ultimate in flexibility.

3. Equipment to homogenize

There are also homogenizers that can be used and are ideal for making dispersions or products uniform and homogeneous. They smooth out the product and reduce emulsion droplet size (emulsifying). This is also important for good product stability.

Silverson_GX_10

silverson-homogeniser-agitator

silverson homogeniser head

So that’s it for now. If you read this article and have comment pls write down below.

andriantoangkadirjo85 bottom line 

- It is very important to determine the specific application and needs before you go and purchase an expensive piece of machinery. You don’t want to spend all that money and the equipment just gathers dust because you purchased to wrong model and use it once every 6 months or so. You want to purchase the right model so that you can work with it every day

- You should also shop around to get the best price for the particular piece of equipment that will work best.

SKIN LIGHTENER..SKIN BRIGHTENERS..

Hi all,

This time I’d like to write very interesting topic..skin lightening cosmetics. This just something people try to do for hundred years ago.. cover blemishes with cosmetics. The records of the fourth century physician Galen speaks of them in the previous millennium. Until about 1973, dangerous agents such as ammoniated mercury had been used. Since then, mercury derivatives had been banned from most countries.

Many people are concerned with the degree of pigmentation of their skin. In Asia, most women desire whiter skin because of traditional beliefs that white skin denotes nobility and aristocracy.  An extreme case is in Japan where Geisha are known to paint their face white as a sign of social status, grace and beauty. Today the Geisha still paint their faces white but only as a ceremony of celebration of culture, history and background.

In other region within lower-class society such as in Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Mexico when asked why women used skin-whitening creams, and in some cases even applied these creams to their children,  one woman from an Arab-American family replied directly, “Oh, that’s simple. It is well known that in many Arab families the whiter looking children are the most preferred. People will often respond positively to the lighter-colored child and simply ignore the darker one.”

In an interview with one Latin American woman about identification and self-image, she told that “whiter-looking Spanish women are generally perceived as more attractive to many Latino men and vice versa.” The woman, a journalist, went on to say that during her childhood, her parents and her friends’ parents had always carefully screened the children invited to their parties “to be certain that they were light enough in color” and thus “of sufficient socioeconomic value to be included.”

So, the prevalent medical evidence of high levels of mercury poisoning among women of Saudi, African, Asian and Mexican backgrounds reflects a common and prevailing belief that whiter skin has greater currency and appeal. Apparently, the patients reporting to clinics with mercury-induced disease believe that the health risks associated with bleaching their skins are outweighed by the rewarding sociocultural return. In other words, they believe that removing the healthy melanin from their skin with toxic creams and soaps makes them more valuable in their own cultures and in European and Euro-American societies in general.

POISONOUS CREAM! Above is an example of a “skin-lightening” cream that contains poisonous levels of mercury.

The product contained 6,000 parts per million (ppm) of mercury, despite FDA regulations which limit mercury to 1 ppm.  What is the effect if someone apply mercury-based beauty/lightening cream ? Mercury poisoning is known to cause neurological and kidney damage and may also lead to psychiatric disorders. Now, we can see the urgency to quickly invent novel skin lighteners and depigmenting agents with a proven eficacy and safety profile with reasonable price. They’re a prominent need.

- What is Hiperpigmentation ?

Hyperpigmentation or skin discoloration is condition of skin when some patches of skin become darker than the surrounding area or generalized, when all body is affected. Hyperpigmentation can be inherited or, more often, aquired by a number of causes including photoaging, hormonal changes (contraceptives pregnancy, menopause), repeated and prolonged exposure to the sun, and chronic skin irriations, inflammation or skin diseases. Many people are concerned with the degree of pigmentation of their skin. For example, people with age spots/melasma, chloasma/mask of pregnancy  or freckles may wish such pigmented spots to be less pronounced.

freckle face

melasma, darker-skin

Others may wish to reduce the skin darkening caused by exposure to sunlight or to lighten their natural skin color. Such skin pigmentation disorder occur because the body produces too much melanin, which is the pigment produced by melanocytes in the skin. In recent years, cosmetic compositions have been developed to reduce the amount of melanin in the skin and therefore, whiten the skin.

- Biosynthesis of melanin

schematic of melanin synthesis

Skin and follicular/hair pigmentation is the result of the exposure of melanin at the surface of the skin and of the the hair follicle. Melanogenesis/synthesis of melanin is carried out specifically by the melanocytes, dendritic cells present in the basal layer of the epidermis, which put out branches for contact with the keratinocytes. The newly synthesized melanin is transferred from the melanocyte dendrites to the keratinocytes, which ultimately expose the melanin at the surface of the epidermis, thus providing uniform coloration of the epidermis.

The synthesis of melanins (pheomelanins, rich in sulfur, giving an orange color; eumelanins, conferring a brown color) is carried out in the melanosomes, which are melanocyte-specific lyosome-like organelles, by a complex enzymatic process. Three enzymes located on the internal face of the melanosomal membrane are successively involved in melanogenesis : tyrosinase, TRP-2 (tyrosinase-related protein-2) and TRP-1 (tyrosinase-related protein-1).

Tyrosine, a precursor for melanin synthesis, is hydroxylated to Dopa (dihydroxyphenylalanine) and then oxidized to dopaquinone, these two conversions being due to the action of tyrosinase. At this stage, the melanin synthesis canbe oriented toward pheomelanin (orange-yellow melanin) which is encountered in blond individuals/ redheads, or toward eumelanin (darkbrown melanin) which is encountered in individuals with dark pigmentation.

Eumelanin results from the polymerization of dopaquinone so as to give leukodopachrome and then dopachrome. The latter is in turn converted either to 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) or to 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) under the action of TRP-2. At this level, the synthesis of eumelanin can be carried out according to two pathways. DHI is oxidized, under the action of tyrosinase or of a peroxidase, to indole-5,6-quinone, while DHICA, under the action of TRP-1, gives 5,6-dihydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The indole-5,6-quinone and the 5,6-dihydroindole-2-carboxylic acid polymerize so as to form melanochromes and then eumelanin.

The synthesis of pheomelanin involves the formation of sulfur compounds (cysteinyl-DOPA) subsequent to the action on dopaquinone of glutathione and of cysteine. The cysteinyl-DOPA is converted to alanylhydroxybenzothiazine and then to pheomelanin.

Under the effect of solar radiation of UVB type, human keratinocytes produce and secrete endothelin peptide hormone which exerts a paracrine effect on the melanocytes. Endothelin activates a G protein-coupled membrane receptor (ETR) inducing melanocytes proliferation, and transcription of the genes encoding tyrosinase and the ETR. Similarly, in response to UV radiation, keratinocytes and melanocytes secrete the α-MSH peptide ( melanocortin-stimulating hormone ) which regulates melanocytes pigmentation activity. To do this, α-MSH binds to MC-R ( melanocortin receptor ), inducing activation of the cAMP/PKA transduction pathway, or even of the ser/thr kinase PKC, resulting in de novo synthesis of tyrosinase and in eumelanin synthesis. PKC-β appears to directly activate tyrosinase by phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain thereof. α-MSH also appears to facilitate the trasnsfer of melanin to keratinocytes by stimulating melanocyte dendricity.

- Treatment for hyperpigmentation

The substances known for their depigmenting properties can act according to one of the following mechanisms :

1. On the viability of the epidermal and/or follicular melanocytes where melanogenesis takes place. This substance ( also called MC1-R receptor antagonist ) capable of binding to the melanotropin cellular receptors ( MC1-R ) present on the melanocyte membrane, of blocking the binding of α-MSH (melanocortin stimulating hormone ), a ligand specific for MC1-R, and of inhibiting the activation of MC1-R by α-MSH which will specifically and reversibly inhibits melanogenesis by decreasing the synthesis and the excessive production of  melanin pigments.

Among the MC1-R receptor antagonists known are : Melanostatine®5 ( INCI name : nonapeptide-1 ), an oligopeptide discovered by the Institut Europeen de Biologie cellulaire/European Cell Biology Institute, sold by the company Unipex and Sepiwhite MSH® ( INCI name : undecylenoyl phenylalanine ), lipoamino acid sold by the company Seppic.

2. By interfering with one of the stages of melanin biosynthesis, or by inhibiting one of the enzymes involves in the melanogenesis or by intercalating as a structural analogue of one of the chemical compounds of the melanin synthesis chain. These substances are widely used. Most skin whiteners currently on the market contain ingredients (hydroquinone, ascorbic acid, kojic acid,arbutin, azealic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid (licorice extract), cortex mori, and many others) that act as direct inhibitors of tyrosinase, the enzyme in the skin pigment cells (melanocytes) that make melanin.

Hydroquinone, however, exhibit considerable cytotoxicity capable of causing irreversible depigmentation and irritates the skin strongly, furthermore hydroquinone has recently been recognized as a carcinogen and thus the use of hydroquinone in cosmetic products has been prohibited by European regulatory. Just recently the FDA also announced its plans to possibly remove hydroquinone based products from store shelves (OTC) and limit its use to only prescription based medications.

3. By interfering in the transfer of melanin from melanocytes to keratinocytes such as Nicotinamide ( INCI name : niacinamide ).

4. Inhibit UV-induced melanin synthesis. These ingredients block UVA rays, the tanning rays, and therefore prevent skin darkening, ex. inorganic sunscreens such as Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide. In case of darker skin, the usage of UV sunscreen ( with >SPF 30 ) become the entire imperative as it offers protection to skin from early ageing and wrinkling.

5. Removal of pigmented skin cells with exfoliants such as alpha-hydroxy acids ( glycolic acid, salicylic acid, lactic acid ).

The ideal depigmenting compound should have a potent, rapid and selective bleaching effect on hyperactivated melanocytes, carry no short- or long-term side-effects and lead to a permanent removal of undesired pigment.

- Recent Skin-Lightening Patents

Recent patents related to skin lightening include :

1. Pomegranate melanin reduction, the pomegranate extract may be standardized to about 20% punicalagins, which are large polyphenol tannin compounds.

2. Reducing retinoid irritation in skin lightening. Effective skin lightening is achieved by combining a polymeric microparticle-entrapped retinoid with a second skin lightening agent such as kojic acid or a derivative thereof ( kojic acid dipalmitate ) in an emulsion composition.

3. Dopa oxidase inhibitor. By inhibiting dopa oxidase activity, thereby suppressing melanin production.

- Tips for finding a good skin lightening cream

1. Never buy creams that contain steroids.

2. Avoid buying creams which contain hydroquinone.

3. Mitracarpus extract, bearberry extract and mulberry extract are good alternatives to hydroquinone.

4. Creams containing Kojic Acid in combination with glycolic acid show good results.

5. Azelic acid in 15-20% concentration is very effective and causes less irritation than hydroquinone.

6. Look for skin lightening creams that contain plant extracts too.

7. Creams having Vitamin C are extremely good in inhibiting melanin production.

8. Avoid creams which contain mercury as an active ingredient.

So..that’s all for now. If you’re already read it and have something in mind, just write comment below.

andriantoangkadirjo85 bottom line

- Do not use products or imported products if there are no ingredients, registration number, manufacturer address, expired date and batch code on the label.

- Perhaps we must make an equally strong effort to convince women and men of color that they are beautiful as they are. This task may be as challenging as trying to convince people with light skin that it is unnecessary and hazardous to lie out in the sun or go to a salon in pursuit of a tan.

- “Skin-whitening” cream, one product say, “lightens your complexion and eliminates ugly spots and accumulated impurities, leaving the skin with an even glow.” Other products suggest its use for” any discoloration due to age, wrinkles, freckles or sun spots”

- A number of skin-lightening compounds have been partially or completely banned because of toxicity and environmental concerns. For example : mercury, hormonal preparations and oxidizing agents have been banned as skin-lightening agents.

- The trend is to find natural extracts that can synergistically provide inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme.

- Combining skin-lightening agents is possible, specifically the combinations of niacinamide with an ascorbyl derivatives or with mulberry and bearberry extract, and arbutin and ascorbyl derivatives with kojic dipalmitate.

CHALLENGES IN GOING FROM LABORATORY TO PRODUCTION SCALE..

Hi guys,

How’s the things? Sorry for no posting lately, merely just lack of idea. Now I got one, dealing with my situation right now. As most of you know I’m working in a small..very small.. cosmetics manufacturer, formulating mostly make-up kit   ( compact powder- foundation )  & perfume. Though we’re small, our orders have increased so much lately to a point where we need to figure out-within a very strict budget and space-how to increase our production so we can get more product out the door fast. Right now, we can make about 10 kg/batch and I’d like to at least double that. The equipments we have are simple filler with a manual piston type and hopper fits just about 15 kg products. I know that we need to invest in some equipments to be more productive and efficient. Anyhow, the price of equipments is very..very frightening.

It’s very crucial for cosmetics company to go from lab-batch to pilot project and last scale-up production. Scale-up from laboratory to production is can sometimes be a little difficult. There are some factors that must be taken into consideration before even get to the production floor. The most critical points to look at are batch size, energy requirements, equipment capabilities, time and temperature, among others. These must be considered along with type of product, ingredient type, concentration, phase ratio and order of addition.  One point overlooked may mean the difference between a successful batch and a total failure. There’s nothing worse than expecting a product to turn out as a heavy cream and you wind up with a thin lotion.  

- Energy requirements

The total amount of energy required to produce a batch in the lab must be translated into larger production batches, no matter what the batch size is. This is even more critical when making emulsions. Examples :

1. If it takes 10 minutes to add an oil phase to a water phase in the lab, then it must also take 10 minutes to incorporate that same oil phase into the water phase of a 2000 kilogram size batch in production. Yes, a transfer pump must be used in production to recreate the emulsion. The same exact speed and flow characteristics must be used for the pump.

2. Mixer speed and energy produced by a homogenizer (lab and production models shown below) if all this energy is required to create the product.

homogenizer-lab(left) & homogenizer-production(right)

This must be duplicated in order to produce the same product with the same identical characteristics: droplet size, viscosity, application characteristics, feel, color, etc. The energy required in production must be the same as used in the lab which means that mixer size, rpm’s, energy output, sheer rate, etc. must all be calibrated to be equal.  Otherwise the possibility of having a different type of emulsion is quite real if the proper conditions are not met.

3. The grinding method used in the lab must also be used in manufacturing. This will ensure that all color particles have been broken down to 3-5 microns to guarantee optimum color development and avoiding any color streaking or specks. The equipment pictured below (a pigment disperser and a 3-roll mill) are not equal and will give the final product differences in feel, consistency, color particle size, possible hardness, and above all, shade. However the lab bench top roller mill and the larger mill next to it are definitely equivalent.

(L-to-R)-Hockmeyer-Dispenser,-Exakt-50-3-roll-Mill,-Roller-Mill

- Manufacturing procedures

The formulator must be able to create manufacturing procedures that will guarantee reproducibility of a certain type of product, no matter how large the batch may be. These include :

1. Mixing. Mixing speeds and the amount of energy introduced during processing have a direct impact on the final aesthetics, stability and homogenity of the final product. This may be easy for small lab batch but can be more complicated in production. Lately, I succeded in developing compact powder with simple ingredient in lab scale, about 500 g/batch. But, frankly, I’m confused how to make if the batch size is 10 kg. Also, in developing nail polish, I succeded in lab scale about 500 g/batch. The question is how supposed to make if the batch size is 10 kg? This is exactly the same to cream.

2. Heating and Cooling. Lab batches can heat/cool to ambient temperature rather quickly, but it takes much longer for a plant to heat/cool a production- size batch. Uneven cooling process could cause, for example, the premature solidification of waxes in the development of  an emulsion.

3. Sub-phases or Pre-mixes are smaller phases compromised of several ingredients that require pre-mixing to dissolve, wet or react prior to their addition to the main phase. If sub-phases/pre-mixes are necessary ensure that this type of mixing is possible for production with just a propeller mixer rather than a homogenizer.

4. Rate and Order of Addition. The rate and sequence for transferring materials into the main kettle must also be controlled and consistent. Each phase should have adequate mixing time before the subsequent sequence is added. To maintain uniform mixing, the order and rate of addition during scale-up may be modified. The batch may cannot withstand over-mixing during a long addition sequence.

5. Formula Adjustments. Adjustments, whether for color, pH or viscosity, ensure consistency in aesthetics as well as micro integrity. If in-process adjustments are necessary, determining the specific amount of adjuster added is useful so that in the future, it can be added up front during lab batches and pilots to optimize the process for production. Making lab batches with multiple lots can provide insight on the amount required for the pH or viscosity adjustment. It is easier to slightly adjust the pH or viscosity of a batch near the end of the process rather than to initiate prolonged mixing with a long adjustment sequence after the batch has been completed.

- Equipments

The correct equipment available will guarantee that the batch scale up can adequately be performed.  All the equipment used in the laboratory and production is designed with documented specifications regarding pump speed, torque, rpm’s, horsepower rating, heating and cooling rate, etc. Some examples lab-equipmetnts :

     

Some examples production equipments :

  

- Process Development Engineer

Product physics and energy requirements are usually beyond the capabilities of the average formulator unless they have some level of engineering experience which is only in very rare instances. In order to meet these challenges, a process development engineer is necessary to work very closely with the formulator.  The engineer knows exactly what equipment to use to achieve the desired energy necessary to replicate a product successfully and reproduce it no matter how big the batch is or what kettle/ equipment combination is used. If certain equipment is not available to perform a certain task on a larger scale, then the engineer is capable of making suitable recommendations as to the design and construction of such a piece of equipment. With new products comes new technology and the need for new equipment to successfully replicate these new products. That’s why process engineers are usually involved very early in the product development process, advising and offering input to the formulator with regard to equipment and energy requirements.

In a process development lab, a laboratory formula is made with the equipment the process engineer feels will adequately duplicate the product. Larger batches of the formula are made to see if this will happen. Recommendations are made to the formulator as to changes that may be necessary in the formula. The formulator and the process development engineer usually work very closely together in this process. When a formulator presents the formula to the engineer, the engineer knows (based on the equipment available in the production facility) exactly where and with what equipment the product will be made. It will be known right away which equipment combination will be optimum for a specific product for a specific kettle/mixer combination. But not every piece of equipment can be used for every product.

New equipment design may be necessary in order to manufacture a specific type of cosmetic or personal care product. New equipment design will make it possible to manufacture products that were once thought to be impossible to make. Such specialized equipment can be manufactured for laboratory or production use, making batch scaleup less of an issue because scaleup has already been considered by the manufacturer in the equipment’s design. Usually an engineer has to calculate the differences in energy output compared to horsepower rating and rpm’s between different pieces of equipment. This is how an engineer knows what product can be made where and at what batch size. With new equipment, the manufacturer already knows and has calculated these differences ahead of time making the engineer’s job a little bit easier. It is sometimes based on an engineer’s specifications with custom designed equipment setups geared towards specific production requirements.

So, these are I’m facing right now. I have copied nail polish product, compact powder and whitening cream in laboratory. And now, time to scale up the batch size to production scale and it is not as simple as there’s different problems are awaiting to be solved..

If you finish read this posting and like to comment just feel free to write below..

andriantoangkadirjo85 bottom line

- There should be no guessing or question marks when it comes to recreating an approved formula that has to ship quickly. A formulator must keep these points in the back of their mind and be aware that these conditions must be addressed in order to create the best product.

- There should be no holdup when the lab formula has to go to production. A product should be in and out of the kettle, filled and shipped to the cosmetic counter for sale to consumers around the world.

- An experienced process development engineer is really important part of this scale up process.

- At last, the most important is the financial..as many problems can’t be solved without investing new equipment, new ingredient or even new environment condition.

Copy Nail Polish Product..

Hi all,

Cosmetics and their use as decorative applications for the human body have been in existence for centuries and are used extensively throughout the world. As a multibillion-dollar industry, cosmetics have many different applications, including the use of lipstick, eyeliner, facial creams, powders, highlighters and nail polishes or lacquers. Used primarily by women, the extent of cosmetic use is extraordinary, and has made many of the cosmetics producing and marketing firms very profitable endeavors.

The nail polish sector of the cosmetic industry is extremely competitive. New colors, combinations, including clear formulations and varitation thereof are constantly hold onto a bigger piece of the market share. The scientific research that is poured into these endeavors is considerable and new products and/or brand names are continually being introduced.

According to Euromonitor, the retail value of the global market for nail products, which includes nail varnishes, enamels, nail varnish removers, treatments, home manicure products, including cuticle softeners and nail strengtheners, reached $4.9 billion in 2010, with hand care products, including hand moisturizers, emollients, and soothers and hydrators for skin prone to redness, irritation, or eczema, reaching $2.3 billion. Nail products in the US reached $800 million in retail value, and US hand care products were valued at $110 million.

Euromonitor notes that nail polish was the fastest growing category in the sector, registering 8% current value growth in 2009, an improvement on the 7% growth in the previous year. In addition, the DIY (do it yourself) trend helped drive 9% value growth in nail care products in 2009. Budget conscious consumers continue to give themselves manicures and pedicures at home, while nail polishes continue to benefit from new launches. According to Euromonitor, as a result of the growth in sales, nail products also saw a flurry of company activity, with, Coty acquiring the OPI nail polish brand.

Marvelous..superb..tons of business opportunities..

What are nail polishes? They are essentially comprised of pigments and/or dyes that are incorporated and suspended in various solvents and bases. The polishes are also stabilized in the suspensions to protect the appearance of the product and to prevent the pigments, during the shelf life of the product, from floating, settling, separating, or striating the polish. Nail polishes are also formulated so that the film formed thereby is tough and durable and adheres to the human nail and will not readily crack, chip, peel, splinter, or become brittle after application and during wear. The toughness should last for an extended period of time, thereby enhancing the durability of the nail polish enamel.

I’ve been assigned to copy nail polish/nail enamel/nail lacquer. It’s been more complicated than the first one, see here, If you’re wondering what was I doing about it, I conveniently presented it to you. I devided into several steps, ie :

1. The Target.

12 different shades to copy

2. Create formulas.

There are many sources available :

US PATENTS & many free-online formularies of suppliers, magazines and other sources.

3. Gathering raw materials.

I think this is the toughest part of the job. Because I work in small company, I’m unable to meet with the sales reps from all suppliers as many actually don’t know about the existence of the company. Really gathering from scratch..:). But I just thought this as a kind of mentally exercise..to be patience, not easily give up. An interesting story when I called the principle reps office in Singapore just to ask their reps office in Indonesia. But the try is worthy. The reps in Indonesia really proved to bring great help to this project, by supplying great data and sample..:)

3. Create dye solution for color matching.

To match the color with the target, I started with 0.1% w/w oil solutions of the colors. Fortunately, the colors for nail polished used to comprise of D&C Red #6, #7, #34, D&C Yellow #5 Lakes, Titanium Dioxide, Mica, Iron Oxides, Iron Black Aluminium Silicate and Iron Blue Aluminium Silicate. 

After mixed it, compare to the target and determine whether it is to dark or too light. In the next attempt, double the amount of color if too light or cut it in half if too dark. Continue this process of doubling or halving dye levels until get something that matches. If done properly, we should get pretty close in 7 tries. Also, do not forget to record how much color we’ve used.

4. Make solution for Nitrocellulose.

As Nitrocellulose is dangerous/explosive if not handling properly, so it is safer to keep this material in the form of solution. First, wetting the Nitrocellulose with 30% Isopropyl Alcohol, and then dissolved with ester solvent such as Ethyl Acetate. First we don’t have clear solution, but with keeping it in tight container, we’ll have clear solution within days.

Well, now one of the crucial point is taken care, keeping the Nitrocellulose safe! What a relief..:)

5. Prepare the nail polish base.

I devided this base into 2 : clear lacquer base and thixotropic clear lacquer base.

a. Clear Lacquer Base 

clear nail lacquer

To make this clear lacquer base, I just mixed acrylates copolymer with solvent like alcohol and butyl acetate or acetone. This will make a clear one, different from nitrocellulose or its derivates which produce clear, yellowish solution.

Thanks to God ! When I try this clear base by applying to my nail, this proved to be a good one.. Have glossy,  proper viscosity, good adhesion & flexibility, chip & scratch resistance.

So relief..just half way left to finish the product.

b. Thixotropic Clear Lacquer

To complete gelification need 1-day standing

Composition consist of clear lacquer + attapulgite, a hydrated magnesium aluminosilicate. Attapulgite occurs as tightly packed bundles of submicron particles whose lathe-like structure gives it unique colloidal and sorptive properties. As thickener and suspending agent, they provide benefits including easy dispersion, formulating latitude and long term stability.

Both ingredients (clear lacquer & attapulgite) have to be dispersed using a high mixing speed, eg. with the help of an Ultra-Turrax apparatus or a dissolver. High-speed mixing creates optimum dispersion, thus rapid & maximum thickening. Intensive, slow-speed mixing, such as with a double planetary-type mixer, may take longer to develop near maximum viscosity.

During this process the lacquer becomes warm. After cooling a jelly stucture starts to appear. This gelification process is completely after about 1 day of standing. The amount of attapulgite is reduced as solids rise. Pigmented systems may need less than 0.5% for suspension or soft-settle, and those with large particles may need 0.5% to 2.0%. These solids content and amount of attapulgite are crucial. Too much will cause the product too thick and can’t be applied smoothly. Too little will cause the opposite, the product will be too thin and difficult to apply.

6. The finished nail lacquer.

Depending on the desired pearl effect, appropriate pearl-pigment dispersion or pure powdered pearl-pigments are added to the thixotropic clear lacquer. Usually between 0.3%-1.5%. Powder pigments from Rona/Merck program can yield attractive effects in nail lacquers, such as :

• interference pigments for change-effects, eg. Timiron Super Red, Timiron Super Violet, Timiron Super Copper.
• color lustre pigments for lustre and color, eg. Colorona Sienna, Colorona Copper, Colorona Bronze.

Concentration in the nail lacquer about 1%-1.5%.

The pearl pigment dispersion or the pigment powder is carefully stirred into the thixotropic clear lacquer until homogeneous. A dispersion apparatus should however, on no account be used for this purpose.

Further addition of dye stuffs is possible. Conventional pigments should be dispersed into the thixotropic clear lacquer before the pearl lustre pigments are added, because they need high shear forces for dispersion.

7. Filling nail polish.

The obstacles in filling nail lacquer are small bottles, narrow necks, flammable contents. Manual filling machine for cream might work, but should modify the filling head so that it turn very narrow and can reach the bottom of the pack. Unless, the bubbles will blowing nail polish out of the top of pack.

During the filling, as it is a solvent based product, make sure it is well ventilated. Otherwise, after a couple of dozen packs we’ll be floating on the ceilings..:)

andriantoangkadirjo bottom line

- Nail polish is really very2 competitive cosmetic product. It is the fastest growing category in the sector with highest value growth in the market.

- Nail polish formulation is really unique. Not only cosmetic but also dealing paint formula in general, like car, house,etc. The knowledge in it is vast..No wonder many cosmetic industries are reluctant dealt with this product, considering difficulties and toughness in formulating.

The worst financial decision I ever made..(4)

Is Tiger Woods Running Out of Money?  This just the title of an article that quickly drew my attention. How could this be? It is for real or issue? After making some surfing, here’s just the story ..

-Wife ‘used golf club’ after Tiger Woods car crash (Saturday, 28 November 2009)

World number one golfer Tiger Woods has been released from hospital after receiving treatment following a car accident in Florida on Friday. Woods’s car reportedly hit a fire hydrant and tree as he left his drive at 0225 local time (0725 GMT).

Chief Daniel Saylor of the Windermere Police Department says the golfer’s wife removed Woods from the car after breaking into the rear window with a golf club.

- Tiger Woods admits ‘I have let my family down’ (Wednesday, 2 December 2009)

Golf star Tiger Woods has apologised to his family, amid continuing speculation about his private life following a car crash last week. ”I have let my family down and I regret those transgressions with all of my heart,” he said in a statement, without elaborating further.

“I have not been true to my values and the behaviour my family deserves.”

Woods was found bleeding and semi-conscious after his car hit a tree and fire hydrant outside his Florida home. He was charged with careless driving, which carries a $164 (£98) fine and four points on his driving record.

The 14-time major champion has been married to his Swedish wife Elin for five years and has two young children.

He denied rumours that physical violence played any role in the incident, saying they were “utterly false and malicious”. In his statement, he also said: “Personal sins should not require press releases and problems within a family shouldn’t have to mean public confessions. ”I will strive to be a better person and the husband and father that my family deserves.”

His statement follows a story in aUSgossip magazine in which aLos Angelescocktail waitress claims to have had a 31-month affair with Woods.

Us Weekly magazine posted online an audio clip of what was purported to be Tiger Woods begging the 24-year-old woman to take her name off her voicemail greeting in order to hide their affair. The caller’s identity has not been verified.

In his statement, Woods also appealed for privacy for his family. ”Although I am a well-known person and have made my career as a professional athlete, I have been dismayed to realise the full extent of what tabloid scrutiny really means,” he said in the statement. ”I am dealing with my behaviour and personal failings behind closed doors with my family. Those feelings should be shared by us alone.” The golfer also offered a “profound apology” to his supporters.

Woods has become an international sporting icon since winning his first major in 1997 at the age of 21.

The 33-year-old American, who is just four short of equalling Jack Nicklaus’s record of 18 major victories, is regarded as one of the world’s all-time great golfers. He has been fiercely protective of his personal life, and his clean-cut image has helped him amass a fortune through product endorsements and appearance fees.

- Will sponsors back tarnished Tiger Woods? ( Thursday, 3 December 2009)

Tiger Woods’ extraordinary golfing prowess has made him the wealthiest sportsman in the world – but behind every great sportsman these days, there is always an array of big businesses.

Nike has been Woods’ biggest sponsor since the start of his career, signing its first contract with him as long ago as 1996. Since then, other major companies have added their endorsements, including the Gatorade drinks brand and Gillette razors.

In fact, despite being the world’s number one golfer, Woods makes far more money off the green than on it. Last year, he earned $23m (£13.8m) from golf tournaments – a figure dwarfed by the more than $100m that his various sponsorship deals brought in. So with his previously impeccable image now somewhat tarnished, amid continuing speculation about his private life following last week’s car crash, his income is hugely dependent on how those sponsors are likely to react.

In the long term, it is unclear whether the 33-year-old star’s apology to his family for his “transgressions” will restore his clean-cut reputation or simply add to the perception of guilt. But so far, the picture is mixed. Nike, Pepsico, TLC Vision and Electronic Arts all issued statements on Wednesday to the effect that their relationship with Woods was unchanged. On Monday, Gatorade wished Woods well as he recovers from his injuries and said: “Our partnership with Tiger continues.”Jet plane rental firm Netjets, a subsidiary of billionaire Warren Buffet’s Berkshire Hathaway investment firm, went further, saying: “Tiger Woods is one of the premiere athletes in the world and we are proud to have him involved with Netjets.”

Others sound less committed. Gillette says its marketing strategy is unchanged, but has left open what might happen in the future. More ominously, however, several other sponsors have yet to pronounce at all on the matter. This week, companies such as watchmaker Tag Heuer and IT firm Accenture have continued to run advertising campaigns in theUSmedia featuring Woods.

But they, and other big backers including telecoms giant AT&T, have so far been “unavailable for comment” on whether he still enjoys their full confidence.

- Tiger Woods takes break from golf  (Saturday, 12 December 2009)

Tiger Woods is taking an indefinite break from professional golf to tackle problems in his private life. In a statement on his website, he said he was aware of the disappointment “my infidelity” had caused to his family. The world’s top golfer said he wanted to “try to repair the damage done” and asked for privacy.

Woods’ biggest sponsor, Nike, said it would continue to stand by him, but his agent said it was too early to discuss the impact on any other business deals.

On his website, Woods said he was “profoundly sorry” and asked for forgiveness. ”What’s most important now is that my family has the time, privacy, and safe haven we will need for personal healing.”I would like to ask everyone, including my fans, the good people at my foundation, business partners, the PGA Tour, and my fellow competitors, for their understanding,” the 33-year-old said. ”After much soul searching, I have decided to take an indefinite break from professional golf. I need to focus my attention on being a better husband, father, and person.”

In a separate statement, he also indicated he would be taking some time off from his responsibilities with the Tiger Woods Foundation – a charity he set up with his late father to help young people. He said he knew his staff would continue efforts to maintain the foundation’s work during his “absence”.

In a statement, Nike said: “Tiger has been part of Nike for more than a decade.”Woods has been married to his wife, Elin, for five years and they have a two-year-old daughter and 10-month-old son. ”He is the best golfer in the world and one of the greatest athletes of his era. We look forward to his return to golf.” ”He and his family have Nike’s full support.”

Woods’ agent, Mark Steinberg, also voiced his support for the golfer’s decision but said it was “premature” to discuss particular business deals. ”Suffice it to say, we have had thoughtful conversations and his sponsors have been open to a solution-oriented dialogue,” he said. ”Of course, each sponsor has unique considerations and ultimately the decisions they make we would fully understand and accept.”

In a statement the Professional Golfers Association (PGA) Tour said it supported the golfer’s decision. Tour commissioner Tim Finchem said the celebrity’s “priorities are where they need to be”.

In London, Woods’ lawyers obtained an injunction on Friday preventing certain information purportedly about him being published.”We look forward to Tiger’s return to the PGA Tour when he determines the time is right for him,” he added. It was granted by a judge at the High Court, and concerns alleged information which cannot be disclosed for legal reasons.

Last week, Woods apologised to his family for “transgressions”. Speculation about his private life has been intense since he was involved in a car crash outside hisFloridahome two weeks ago. Newspaper allegations followed about extra-marital affairs.

Woods has not been seen in public since the accident, in which his car hit a tree and fire hydrant. The golfer, who was found bleeding and semi-conscious, was later charged with careless driving, which carries a $164 (£98) fine and four points on his driving record.

Woods has become an international sporting icon since winning his first major in 1997 at the age of 21. He is just four short of equalling Jack Nicklaus’s record of 18 major victories and is regarded as one of the world’s all-time great golfers.

- Tiger Woods breaks silence with apology (Friday, 19 February 2010)

Golfer Tiger Woods has made several heartfelt apologies in his first public appearance since revelations surfaced about his private life. He took an indefinite break from the sport last year after admitting being unfaithful to his wife.

- Tiger Woods: Celebrity under pressure (Friday, 19 February 2010)

Tiger Woods is arguably the best-known sportsman of his generation and, before he announced he was taking a break from the sport amid claims about his private life, he was on his way to becoming the most successful golfer of all time.

The 34-year-old American has won 14 major titles and is just four short of equalling Jack Nicklaus’s record of 18 major victories.

As the most successful black player in a traditionally white sport, Mr Woods has been credited with boosting interest in the game, raising TV audiences, and bringing greater wealth to the sport in prize money and sponsorship.

He was born on 30 December 1975 inCypress,California, the son of retired US Army lieutenant colonel Earl Woods and his Thai-born wife Kultida.

A golf prodigy, he featured on TV putting against Bob Hope aged two, and shot 48 for nine holes aged three.Originally named “Eldrick” he was nicknamed “Tiger” after a Vietnamese soldier friend of his father. After a glittering amateur career, he turned pro in 1996 and backed up his Masters win with victory in the USPGA Championship in 1999. In 1996, he and his father set up the Tiger Woods Foundation which is dedicated to helping disadvantaged children.

He won his first major – the Masters – in 1997 by a record 12 strokes, becoming the prestigious tournament’s youngest winner in history at 21 years three months and 15 days. Later that year he became world number one – briefly – for the first time and he would later go on to hold the top spot for all 52 weeks of a year a record eight times.

He has now been world number one since 12 June 2005, and through endorsements and appearance fees earns an estimated $100m (£62.5m) a year. In September 2009, Forbes Magazine declared him to be the first athlete in history to earn $1bn in the course of his sporting career.

In 2000, he won the US Open title, by a record 15 strokes atPebbleBeach, and the Open Championship atSt Andrews. He clinched the 2001 Masters to hold all four major titles at the same time, a feat dubbed the “Tiger Slam”.In doing so he became only the fifth player – the youngest – to complete a career Grand Slam of all major titles.

In 2002 he remodelled his swing, prompting claims of a slump when he did not win a major title until the 2005 Masters, his fourth victory atAugusta. In 2006, he missed the first cut in 38 majors as a professional at the US Open at Winged Foot following a nine-week lay-off after the death of his father. He went on to clinch the Open Championship at Hoylake and, amid emotional scenes, broke down in tears as he dedicated the win to his father. In April 2008 he underwent a third operation on a troublesome left knee. But the absence of this sporting legend resulted inUStelevision ratings dropping by 50%. He returned to win the US Open at Torrey Pines after a 18-hole play-off, despite being crippled by knee pain.

In 2005, Mr Woods married Swedish girlfriend Elin Nordegren, who he met during the 2001 Open Championship. In 2006 she gave birth to the couple’s first child, daughter Sam Alexis, and in February 2009 their second child Charlie Axel was born.

However, speculation about Tiger Woods’s private life has been intense since he was involved in a car crash outside hisFloridahome in November.

He broke a long silence on 19 February to apologise for cheating on his wife.Newspaper allegations followed about extra-marital affairs.

“I was unfaithful, I had affairs and I cheated. What I did was unacceptable,” he said in a statement televised live around the world.

He said he was undergoing therapy and that he would return to gold, but could not say when.

The golfer, who was found bleeding and semi-conscious, after hitting a tree and a fire hydrant, was later charged with careless driving.

He pulled out of the Chevron World Challenge, a tournament he had hosted for the past nine years.

Many of Mr Woods’s numerous sponsors – including Nike, Gillette, Tag Heuer and NetJets have stood by him. But Accenture and AT&T dropped him as a spokesman and soft drink brand Gatorade axed a drink endorsed by the sports star. Gatorade said it was not related to revelations about the golfer’s private life.

- Tiger Woods and wife Elin Nordegren are divorced (23 August 2010 )

Tiger Woods and his wife Elin Nordegren have divorced, the couple said in a statement posted on the world number one golfer’s website.

“We are sad that our marriage is over and we wish each other the very best for the future,” the couple said. They said they planned to “share parenting” of their two children.

News of the split comes nine months after a car crash outside Mr Woods’ Florida home set off revelations that he had been unfaithful to Ms Nordegren.

Details of the financial settlement have not been disclosed, but US media reports suggest the former Mrs Woods will receive over $100m (£64.4m).

The divorce was finalised inFloridaby Bay County Circuit Judge Judy Pittman Biebel in what was described as a brief hearing in which both Mr Woods and Ms Nordegren were present.

In November 2009 Mr Woods, the world’s wealthiest athlete, was involved in a single-vehicle accident outside hisFloridahome. Soon after, several women came forward and claimed they had had affairs with Mr Woods.

Mr Woods, 34 subsequently lost several major sponsors, including AT&T and Gatorade. In February he publicly apologised and admitted that he had been unfaithful to Ms Nordegren, a former model.

In a statement released by their lawyers on Monday, the pair asked for privacy “as we adjust to a new family situation”.

“While we are no longer married, we are the parents of two wonderful children and their happiness has been, and will always be, of paramount importance to both of us,” the joint statement said.

“Once we came to the decision that our marriage was at an end, the primary focus of our amicable discussions has been to ensure their future well-being. The weeks and months ahead will not be easy for them.”

- Is Tiger Woods Running Out of Money? (Friday, 15 July 2011)

With only a few endorsement deals left, a recent divorce settlement, a hefty house mortgage, and even a pay cut from Nike, Tiger Woods’ lifestyle is looking a lot less glamorous.

When news broke a few weeks ago that Tiger Woods had signed an endorsement deal to hawk a heat rub inJapan, it was hard not to think of “Lost in Translation,” or of the “Entourage” episode when Vincent Chase goes toChinato do an energy drink commercial because he’s out of money.

Although Woods was likely paid in the single-digit millions for the spot — in which he takes a swing, rubs his back, and says, “Go Vantelin!” — it’s a far cry from campaigns for PepsiCo (NYSE: PEP -News), Gillette, and Accenture (NYSE: ACN -News). The last time Woods showed up in Japanese TV ads was in 1997, when he promoted Asahi Wonda coffee, back before he became a phenomenon. So the deal with Kowa (maker of the rub) seems more like a moment of desperation than a return to form.

It’s no secret that Woods, once king of the sports world, has suffered financially since his fall from grace. His endorsement list shrank and his marriage ended in a divorce settlement reportedly worth $100 million. But now he may actually be hurting for funds. At the very least, there are signs that he isn’t generating enough to comfortably cover his costs.

Earlier this week, the golfer’s agent, Mark Steinberg, announced he would be joining the agency Excel Sports. Although that means Excel gets Woods too, the icon was conspicuously absent from the announcement. Steinberg left IMG at the end of May. It took two weeks, but on June 7, Woods announced via Twitter that he would be leaving with Steinberg.

IMG declined to comment on the details of Steinberg’s departure, or on Tiger Woods, but a trusted Fortune source with reliable information tells us that IMG was none too broken up about losing Woods, because his endorsement earnings have fallen so dramatically. The source says IMG’s commissions for 2011 — they’ll continue to get a chunk of Tiger’s endorsement deals through 2013 — will be as low as $1.5 million.

That’s a huge drop from two years ago. With giants like Gillette, Accenture, Tag Heuer, and Gatorade having jumped ship, Tiger’s major deals are down to three: Nike (NYSE: NKE - News), Electronic Arts (Nasdaq: ERTS - News), and Kowa. His EA Sports video game, “Tiger Woods PGA Tour ’12,” set a first-week franchise record of 225,000 games sold. But our source also tells us that Tiger’s Nike money fell by as much as 50% in 2010 (to about $10 million, down from $20 million in 2009) and that he will get the same reduced amount for 2011. The reason? Nike penalized him for his indiscretions, reducing his payment for two years as a response to his public behavior. Nike had no comment.

That Nike would have renegotiated Tiger’s contract to give him a temporary pay cut may be hard to believe, but Bob Dorfman of Baker Street Advertising says, “That’s not surprising. They’re not going to release him entirely, because that’s not the way they are, but [a pay reduction] would not surprise me at all.” As for the Kowa deal, Dorfman estimates its value at $4 million. Doug Shabelman of Burns Entertainment & Sports Marketing believes it’s worth around $3 million. Recent valuations of Tiger’s overall endorsement earnings for 2011 have been between $60 million and $75 million. But based on our information about Nike, and on the Kowa estimates, the real number is likely closer to $20 million.

Woods’ agent adamantly denies the assertion that the golfer is facing financial strain. “Tiger Woods is financially sound and strong, contrary to wide-ranging rumors and inaccurate figures in the media,” Steinberg wrote in an email. “Stating anything else is incorrect and factually baseless.”

Another factor that has undeniably fizzled is Tiger’s tournament winnings. Woods won no majors in 2009, the first year that’s happened since 2004. He went completely winless in 2010, and this year he’s so far missed the U.S. Open, AT&T National, and British Open due to a knee injury. According to the PGA Tour website, Tiger’s 2011 winnings so far total $571,363. Those are like pennies compared to the $10.9 million, $5.8 million, and $10.5 million he earned in 2007, 2008, and 2009, respectively. In 2010, that dropped to $1.3 million.

Woods is still young, and undoubtedly one of the greatest golfers alive, but as he continues to stay off the links, that money stream dries up. Meanwhile, Tiger Woods Dubai, a billion-dollar project that was first set to open in 2009 with a golf course, pricey real estate, and restaurant, was scrapped in February.

As Tiger’s revenues have declined, his expenses have only climbed. To begin with, there’s the reported $100 million divorce settlement. And last August, Woods took out a $54.5 million mortgage on his home in Jupiter Island, Florida. According to the public document, Woods is required to pay off the mortgage in full by January of 2016, giving him a mere five and a half years to shed the debt. He’s therefore paying more than $10 million each year, including his $431,042 in annual property taxes.

That 2010 property tax information comes from the district offices of Martin County, FL, where the home Woods now occupies alone is located. The property, which Woods purchased in 2006 for $44.5 million, is valued at around $47 million (the county values the house at $26.48 million, the land at $20.5 million). His 2010 improvements to the dwelling and the property cost him $6 million, including three separate residential pools, a tennis court, a golf green with a few holes, an elevator, and a 14,736-square foot improvement to the interior of the house — evidence that Woods is not used to living cheaply. But the pace of his home improvements has slowed, according to online records of the county appraiser’s office. So far there have been none in 2011.

Mark Steinberg says simply that there is no debt on Woods’JupiterIslandhome, and declined to elaborate. But theMartinCountyclerk’s office confirmed that their records show that the mortgage has not been paid off.

TheJupiterIslandmega-mansion isn’t the only Woods property. Among others, in 2007 he bought his mother property near his own, inJupiterIsland, for $2.4 million. In 2010, construction on that cost him another $2.6 million. Presumably, it’s Woods himself that pays and will continue to pay all taxes on the home.

Between the divorce settlement and his recent mortgage, Tiger has faced recent debts to the tune of at least $160 million, though it’s unknown how much of this he has now paid down. His endorsement earnings will not come close to this in 2011, and he’s no longer adding much to his pot with golf winnings. Nike’s decisive slash to his contract has not helped matters.

“Tiger remains one of the most popular and visible athletes in the world, demonstrated by television ratings, tournament attendance and various empirical polls,” Steinberg says. “His endorsement future is strong and any additional partnerships will be announced at the appropriate time.”

To fix up his financial short game, Tiger Woods is going to have to start making money again the old-fashioned way: by playing the sport he’s known for

andriantoangkadirjo85 bottom line

- Really tragic, fall from grace.

COSMETICS, DRUGS & COSMECEUTICALS..

Hi all,

As a pharmacist who worked in cosmetics, I see many ingredients such as vitamins, antioxidants and other common functional ingredients, are used in treatment and personal care products. They are also used in color and decorative cosmetics and well as hair care and other products.. In fact, these common ingredients are used in almost every cosmetic product to make standard claims.

Below is just a quick short list of some of these common ingredients :

• Hyaluronic Acid (you will see this listed on almost every ingredient label for treatment products)
• Herbal Extracts (this list gets longer and longer as more vegetable derived ingredients become available)
• PCA Derivatives (oil or water soluble varieties – used to retain moisture in the skin)
• Vitamins and Antioxidants such as Vitamin C, Resveritrol and Co-Enzyme Q10 (these are highly substantive)
• Essential Fatty Acids and Complexes (Omega-3 and Omega-6)
• Functional Proteins and Amino Acids (many are multi-functional – both in activity and aesthetics)
• Components of Natural Moisturizing Factor (to replace materials in skin that may have been lost or reduced)
• Ingredients for wound healing, anti-inflammatory and anti-irritation responses (true treatment ingredients)
• Ceramides and other Cellular Enhancement Ingredients (healthy cells make for healthy skin)

Although there are many other ingredients that can be included in the list, these are some of the most common ingredients used to make the most basic treatment claims.

This have led to a virtual blurring of the boundaries between classical cosmetic and pharmaceutical. While the boundary is clearly defined by the law..at the customer level,the understanding is that a $20 face cream can feed the skin with vitamins, anti-oxidants and essential fatty acids. This idea of feeding the face back to beauty has a contributed to the mindset that ageing is a treatable condition that can be fixed if the ‘food’ is right..so if you’re ageing badly, you must be feeding your skin junk ( the same analogy if we eat to much junk food, will jeopardize our heatlh..).

What does our skin really think about these products we slather onto it? I wonder if rubbed into our face, this will ever hit its biological target ?

Cosmetic or Drug?

In theUnited States, the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act defines cosmetics as “article intended to be rubbed, pour, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body… for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance.” Examples include blush, lipstick, nail polish, shampoo, and toothpaste.

But once the product claims venture into diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease and alleges to affect the structure or any function of the body, the product is a drug. Drugs are subject to stringent regulations, labeling (actives are called out from other ingredients) and testing requirements, which result in the investment of both time and money.

Products can be both cosmetic and drug if the intended use meets both definitions. Moisturizers with sunscreens, moisturizing hand sanitizers, and anti-dandruff shampoos all fall into this category. These cosmetic/drug combinations are subject to the regulations for both drugs and cosmetics. They are considered OTC or Over the Counter drugs.

Cosmeceuticals

One other classification of products is cosmeceuticals. The off-controversial but significant contributor to our field, dermatologist Dr. Albert Kligman, coined the term cosmeceutical almost 30 years ago. He defined cosmeceuticals as topically applied products that do have a physiological effect on the skin.  Kligman, however, intended to draw attention to the potential biological effects of all cosmetics that did not just merely camouflage or add color. In fact he said it was “scientifically silly to pretend that cosmetics did not do anything” and that cosmetics might actually be doing a lot of good.

The term cosmeceutical is not recognized as part of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

Can cosmetics ever be good for you?

In pharmaceuticals, the prospect of being able to deliver a ‘therapeutic’ or ‘useful’ dose of an active through the skin, such as several common ‘patches’ including those for pain relief, for weaning the patient off nicotine, administering progesterone to menopausal women, simply because their actions are systemic rather than local. All these actives get into the blood stream via percutaneous absorption.

In cosmetics, such method via percutaneous absorption is absolutely out of question. It contravenes the legal definition of cosmetic. These cosmetic products are only permitted to deliver their actives locally (into the dermis or albeit more deeply).

In order to work out if cosmetics really can be good, let’s investigate the role of Vit. E, Vit. A and Vit. C play in skin and bodily health. In 1990′s, a highly active cosmeceautical would have contained the mandatory Vit. A, C and E in their basic oil-soluble form. Today’s product contain vitamin infused extract, nano-delivery systems and pre-stabilized blends. It is reasonable to expect that these super vitamins will last longer, go deeper and hit harder than their forerunners.

The problems caused by deficiencies of Vitamins A, C and E are well documented and telling on the appearance. Visual symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency are dry skin and hair and broken fingernails while being deficient in Vitamin C not only leads to dry skin and hair but also the possibility of bleeding and sore gums, trouble with skin healing, bruising and general pallor. Vitamin E deficiency is less common but those affected many find that the condition precipitates the formation of age spots and leads to a reduction of muscle tone.

There have been many studies looking at the fate of Vitamin E in topically applied products including the trial outlined in the textbook of cosmetic dermatology by Robert Baran which shows that 38.6% of a 5% alcoholic Vitamin E solution had travelled into the viable epidermis and the dermis of a rats skin 6 hours after it was applied. However, vitamin E has also been found to cause contact dermatitis in susceptible individuals – a situation that is not found when vitamin E is ingested.

The topical activity of Vitamin A has also been widely studied and is one of only a relatively small range of actives prescribed by dermatologists to help correct premature skin ageing. When applied topically retinoids bind to the retinoid receptors in the epidermis and that is probably one key reason why this active when applied topically is so successful – it doesn’t have to travel very far! However, just as with the Vitamin E, a topical application of vitamin A can lead to some unwanted side-effects including dryness and flaking, reddening of the skin and sensitivity to sunlight. Again adverse reactions to vitamin A are seldom reported in adults via the oral route as long as doses are kept below the daily minimum.

Finally we come to vitamin C, an active that has been proven to stimulate collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures. The major problem faced by formulators wanting to use vitamin C is the fact that the biologically active form, L-Ascorbic Acid is highly prone to oxidation and so the less active but more stable forms – ascorbic palmitate and ascorbyl phosphate esters are utilized. On analysis the epidermis is found to contain more than five times the level of vitamin C than the dermis which seems logical given the vitamins key role as an antioxidant. This fact give kudos to the suggestion that a topical vitamin C product could be good for the skin as it is highly likely that as long as the stability issues are addressed and the base vehicle is adequate the vitamin could reach its biological target without contravening the legal definition of a cosmetic. Further evidence of the benefits of a topically delivered Vitamin C dose can be found in a number of papers looking at the skins ability to tolerate UV induced damage. The two studies found in researching this piece show a strong relationship between skin fortified with a topical vitamin C dose and its ability to withstand UV radiation.

Yet again it would seem that cosmetics could indeed be good for you.

In summing up a number of conclusions can be arrived at from the evidence presented. The evidence points to it being true that Vitamins A, C and E can all initiate a cosmetic benefit via topical application without contravening the definition of a cosmetic. Further, these vitamins can, in many cases boost the skins ability to deal with both intrinsic and extrinsic antagonists – the sun, visual affects of hormonal imbalance, irritation, and dryness. Finally we see that it is possible to plot the relationship between the applied dose and the visible outcome in a similar way to that experienced with an oral application. However, we have also seen evidence supporting the theory that topically delivered vitamins is tolerated to a lesser degree than those applied orally. There are also physical and chemical hurdles to overcome when seeking to administer an active vitamin dose through the skin route. These counter-indications are not insignificant and may, in some cases prove to be an insurmountable challenge.

On balance it seems that cosmetics CAN indeed be good for you but if you think that getting your vitamins at the day spa will allow you to gorge on fast food and caffeine don’t expect any miracles. Vitamin infused cosmetics may be doing your skin good but as far as the rest of your body is concerned, it’s back to the salad bar.

andriantoangkadirjo85 bottom line

- It’s time to get up close and personal with our skin product relationship in a bid to answer the question about the benefits and discover if cosmetics can ever be good to us..

- Cosmetic can indeed be good for us.

- A healthy life is the answer for healthy skin ( read my post about anti-aging cosmetics )

- Pharma-cosmetics/ Cosmeceuticals will be the trend of personal care industry development.

- Cosmetic industry is getting closer to pharmaceutical industry and should now get inspired by the same manufacturing process.